知远政策与防务辩论所 沐俭/编译白丝 twitter
自：好意思国国会辩论处事处图片
【知远导读】本论说对好意思国辞天下各地的军事基地进行了先容，本色包括其国外军事基地所在的国度、地区、常驻好意思军东谈主数、主要刀兵装备和基地的主要作用等。著作对好意思国国外军事基地的性质进行了界说，发达了好意思国防守和使用基地的主见。
论说全文约3.6万字，篇幅所限，推送部分为节选。
自第二次天下大战以来，好意思军一直保握着众多的国外基地网罗（即位于好意思国偏激疆域除外的军事设施）。现在，好意思国国防部至少在51个不同国度措置或使用着至少128个国外基地。政策制定者列举了防守国外基地的各式政策原因，包括：·为好意思国对境外军事突发事件作念出快速反馈提供便利；·慑止敌手抨击好意思国或好意思国友邦和伙伴国的企图；·向友邦和伙伴国解说好意思国的安全容或。好意思国平日与东谈国通过酬酢安排来取得国外驻军权，一般所以双边行政公约的形势。在国防部里面，各式办公室和组织参与国外基地行为的措置，包括国防部长办公室、战区司令部和各个兵种。好意思国国会对好意思军的国外基地有着蹙迫的作用，包括为基地行为拨款，通过立法制定某些政策和要求，以及监督行政部门对基地态势和与东谈国安全关系的措置。因此，国外基地有着一系列问题供国会审议，包括：·国会应该为国外基地行为拨若干款项？·行政部门处理与好意思国基地所在国关系的方法是否顺应国会的优先事项？·现在的国外基地态势是否足以相沿政策和战役主见？好意思军国外基地的任务位于好意思国偏激疆域除外的基地平日被称为国外基地。1好意思军国外基地本质或相沿各式军事职能，包括：·驻守东谈主员和装备。国外基地最基本的功能是为好意思国军东谈主、刀兵系统、弹药和物质提供安全空间，从而使好意思国好像在其疆域除外的地区防守和使用军事才调。不管是在和平技巧照旧战时，基地齐是责任时局，相沿从日常办公室到作战飞机腾飞的各式行为；大型设施可能还包括国防部东谈主员偏激家属的住房，以及士气、福利和文娱设施。·域态势感知和区域翔实。国外基地不错在探伤、翔实和对抗敌手对好意思国偏激友邦/伙伴国部队、设施和疆域的挟制方面施展积极作用（举例，通过部署雷达设施或陆基导弹羁系阵脚的风物）。·装备沉着维修。国外基地不错容纳特意的设施、征战和东谈主员，以热爱沉着、修理和大修好意思国疆域除外的刀兵系统和其它国防装备，包括车辆维修设施、飞机维修机库和舟师干船坞。·西宾演习。国外基地可能包含西宾和演习区域，旨在防守和增强好意思国偏激友邦/伙伴国的战备现象，测试作战权术和作战见地，并展示和升迁互操作性。
好意思军国外军事基地近况从区域和集结的角度来看，六个证实地舆区域来组织的战区司令部（COCOM），为国防部国外基地态势的政策和战役维度提供了监督和战区级指导（见图1）。图片
图1.好意思国地舆战区司令部印太地区就本论说而言，印度太平洋地区所对应的是好意思国印太司令部包袱区。2国会辩论处事处详情了好意思国国防部在该地区所使用的24个永恒基地和20个其它军事阵脚。3摒弃2024年3月，大致有8.1万名现役军东谈主恒久驻守在印太地区的国外基地，其中驻守在日本（54774东谈主）和韩国（24234东谈主）的现役军东谈主最多。4分拨到印太地区国外基地的好意思军包括陆军和舟师陆战队大地部队（包括驻守在韩国的陆军第2步兵师和驻守在冲绳的舟师陆战队第3远征军）；舟师军舰（包括一艘航空母舰、罢了舰、巡洋舰和两栖抨击舰，均以日本为基地）；以及陆军、舟师、舟师陆战队和空军的飞机（包括旋翼直升机、战争机、电子抨击机、轰炸机、输送机、空中加油机和其它飞机，主要驻守在日本原土、冲绳和韩国）5。好意思国在日本的军事存在由驻日好意思军监督，在韩国的军事存在由驻韩好意思军监督。6印太司令部的总部位于夏威夷檀香山野外。7好意思国国防部官员时常将印太地区称为“优先战区”。82022年《国度安全政策》将印太地区形色为“21世纪地缘政事的中心”，2022年《国防政策》指出，中华东谈主民共和国试图“重塑印太地区”，这是“对好意思国国度安全最泛泛、最严重的挑战”的一部分。9除了与中国的政策竞争外，其它中枢性区安全利益包括威慑和翔实来自俄罗斯和朝鲜的潜在挟制。10一些分析东谈主士和政策制定者以为，在该地区的国外基地是好意思国在潜在大国打破（绝顶是触及中国）中经受军事步履的舛错相沿基地。11印太地区亦然好意思国国会耕种的一系各国防投资和行为的重心，这些投资和行为被称为“太平洋威慑倡议”。12图片
表1：好意思国在印太地区的国外基地注：“永恒”基地指的是好意思国国防部连续使用至少15年的军事时局，况兼国防部在其中应用某种历程的作战限度。在关岛和其它好意思国疆域上的基地莫得纳入进来。缩略词：AB=空军基地、CS=通讯站、MCAS=舟师陆战队航空站、MCB= 舟师陆战队基地、MCI=舟师陆战队设施、NAF=舟师航空兵设施、NB=舟师基地、NCS=舟师通讯站、NSF=舟师保险设施、USAG=好意思国陆军军营、USFA=好意思国舰队设施。
欧洲就本论说而言，与欧洲对应的是好意思国欧洲司令部（EUCOM）包袱区。国会辩论处事处详情了国防部在该地区所使用的31个永恒基地和19个其它军事阵脚。13摒弃2024年3月，大致有67200名好意思国现役军东谈主被永恒分拨到欧洲的国外基地，其中部署东谈主数最多的依次是德国（35068东谈主）、意大利（12375东谈主）和英国（10058东谈主）。14摒弃2024年6月，欧洲还少见千限独特的军东谈主在交替部署或本质其它临时任务中。白宫在致国会率领东谈主的一封信中示意，“大致有8万名好意思国武装部队东谈主员被分拨或部署到欧洲的北约国度，包括那些用来安抚好意思国的盟友、慑止俄罗斯进一步滋扰的部队部署”。15被派往欧洲国外基地的好意思军包括陆军大地部队；舟师艨艟（包括罢了舰和一艘两栖指导舰，驻守在西班牙和意大利）；以及陆军、舟师和空军的飞机（包括旋翼直升机、战争机、电子抨击机、轰炸机、输送机、空中加油机和其它飞机）。好意思国欧洲司令部总部设在德国斯图加特，尽管这三个兵种齐在其它地点设有总部分部。16手脚对俄罗斯2022年入侵乌克兰的复兴，好意思国在欧洲的军事存在有所增多。举例，在2022年6月，好意思国国防部的一份新闻稿宣称，自从俄罗斯入侵以来，国防部还是“向欧洲增派了2万多东谈主的部队，以交代乌克兰危险，增多了独特的空中、陆地、海上、网罗和天外才调”。17在此次增兵之前，好意思国陆军在欧洲部署有三个旅战争队；但自从俄罗斯入侵以后，好意思国国防部晓谕将永恒部署一个军部前沿司令部、一个警备司令部、一个野战支援营、两个F-35战争机中队、一个防空炮兵旅总部、一个近程防空营、一个战争保险支援营总部和一个工兵旅总部。18好意思国在欧洲的基地与北约的行为和主见精细联结在一谈。很多好意思国基地齐驻有北约组织并履行与北约关系的职能，本论说所涵盖的每个欧洲东谈国齐是北约成员国（科索沃和塞浦路斯除外）。19证实欧洲司令部司令的说法，俄罗斯是该地区的核快慰全问题，组成了“在可料念念的畴昔挑战好意思国和欧洲利益的可怕和不成料到的挟制”。20欧洲亦然好意思国一系列防务投资和行为的重心，这些投资和行为被称为“欧洲威慑倡议（EDI）”。21
附录A.按国度区别的好意思国国外基地附录提供了好意思国在各个国度的国外基地的更详备信息，其中，附录B提供了本论说所触及的悉数国外基地的全面清单。
印太地区好意思国在印太地区的国外基地是证实好意思国与该地区国度政府之间的双边行政公约以及国会批准的《解放集结契约》（就马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚和帕劳而言）建设和措置的。大无数常驻该地区的好意思国军东谈主齐驻守在日本和韩国的永恒基地。在曩昔的15年里，好意思国国防部在澳大利亚、菲律宾和其它所在也建设了交替基地安排。澳大利亚每年4-10月时期，好意思国在澳大利亚皇家空军达尔文基地和罗伯逊军营部署有达尔文舟师陆战队交替部队，并在澳大利亚皇家空军廷达尔基地和其它澳大利亚军事时局驻有交替部署战争机。从本世纪20年代中后期初始，好意思国“弗吉尼亚”级潜艇将在珀斯隔邻交替部署。22此外，好意思国和澳大利亚共同运营哈罗德·E.霍尔特舟师通讯站和松峡集结翔实基地。23证实国防东谈主力数据中心（DMDC）的数据，摒弃2024年3月，大致有732名好意思国现役军东谈主被永恒部署到澳大利亚（这一数字不包括临时值勤或交替的军东谈主）。24英属印度洋疆域(迪戈加西亚)好意思国在英属印度洋疆域（平日称为迪戈加西亚）领有迪戈加西亚舟师保险设施（NSF），这是英国的国外属地。25迪戈加西亚舟师基地为波斯湾和印度洋偏激周围的部队提供后勤相沿，并驻有一个海上预置中队，以及来自好意思国舰队和工业支援中心、空中生动司令部、太平洋空军、第21和第22天外作战中队的分遣队。26证实国防东谈主力数据中心的数据，摒弃2024年3月，大致有223名好意思国现役军东谈主被永恒部署到迪戈加西亚。27日本好意思国在日本有陆军、舟师、舟师陆战队和空军大型基地，包括座间兵营、横须贺舟师基地、岩国舟师陆战队航空站、横田空军基地和三泽空军基地。28这些基地用于驻守和支援各式陆军大地部队、舟师舰艇（包括航空母舰、罢了舰、巡洋舰和两栖抨击舰）、陆军、舟师、舟师陆战队和空军飞机（包括战争机、电子抨击机、指导和限度、倾转旋翼机、空中加油机和输送机）。好意思国国防部还利用日本的国防基础设施来探伤和羁系导弹挟制，沉着维修水面艨艟和潜艇，并开展西宾和演习。29日本冲绳县位于日本四个主要岛屿西南约400英里处，驻守着好意思国陆军、舟师陆战队和空军基地，包括好意思国陆军冲绳兵营、舟师陆战队巴特勒兵营和嘉手纳空军基地。这些基地用于驻守和支援舟师陆战队大地部队（包括舟师陆战队第3远征军，这是舟师陆战队最大的国外作战部队）和舟师陆战队以及空军的战争机、倾转旋翼、旋翼、输送机和空中加油飞机。好意思国国防部还利用冲绳开展针对森林环境的西宾和演习，并储存燃料。30好意思国国防部在冲绳的设施是离台湾地区和南海最近的好意思军基地，这两个地区范围内齐有可能与中国发生打破。证实好意思国和日本之间的双边公约，国防部已容或从2024年头始将大致9000名舟师陆战队员从冲绳滚动到关岛（以及日本除外的其它据点）。31证实国防东谈主力数据中心的数据，摒弃2024年3月，大致有54774名好意思国现役军东谈主被永恒派驻日本。32韩国韩国领有好意思国陆军、舟师、舟师陆战队和空军的基地,包括汉弗莱基地、镇海舟师设施、木柱兵营舟师陆战队设施、乌山空军基地等。这些基地用于驻守和支援好意思国陆军部队（包括第2步兵师/韩好意思集结师）和空军战争机、窥察机和抨击机。证实2004年好意思韩公约，好意思军的设施主要辘集在两个“要道”区：第一个基地以平泽市为中心，包括汉弗莱基地和乌山空军基地；第二个基地以大邱为中心，包括好意思国陆军大邱军营、镇海舟师设施、舟师陆战队设施木柱兵营。33好意思国和韩国队列通过共同限度其在该国的“韩好意思集结部队司令部”，使其成为一个结伴的、两个国度的“作战总部”。34好意思国在韩国的军事部署主若是为了威慑和抗争朝鲜潜在的挟制。证实国防东谈主力数据中心的贵寓，摒弃2024年3月，大致有24234名好意思国现役军东谈主被永恒部署到韩国。35马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚和帕劳（解放联友邦）好意思国在马绍尔群岛的夸贾林环礁设有陆军基地(何处有罗纳德·里根弹谈导弹翔实西宾场)，现在正在帕劳建造一个雷达站。36好意思国在“解放联友邦”的军事存在受《解放集结协定》（compact of Free Association）护士，该协定在好意思国和每个解放联友邦政府之间建设了私有的政事关系。37证实公约条件，好意思国有包袱保卫解放联友邦，以及领有在解放联友邦疆域内的驻军和基地使用权。证实国防东谈主力数据中心的贵寓，到2024年3月，大致101名好意思国现役军东谈主被永恒部署到解放联友邦。38菲律宾证实2014年《好意思菲加强防务配合公约》（EDCA）的条件，好意思国现在不错使用菲律宾的9个军事基地。39证实该公约，好意思国有权“证实两边的决定交替使用这些基地”；好意思国队列不错进行的授权行为包括“安全配合演习；集结西宾行为；东谈主谈主义救助和救灾行为；以偏激它约定的行为”。40证实国防东谈主力数据中心的贵寓，摒弃2024年3月，大致有310名好意思国现役军东谈主被永恒派往菲律宾。41新加坡好意思国在“新加坡舟师地区中心”（Navy Region Center Singapore）保握着小边界的永恒存在，以妥洽对来访的水面艨艟的后勤相沿，并进行濒海战争舰和P-8海上查看飞机的握续交替部署。42好意思军不错使用的设施包括樟宜舟师基地和森巴旺造船坞，而巴耶利峇空军基地不错秩序驻守好意思国军东谈主和飞机。43在新加坡的基地是证实一系列行政公约进行措置的。44证实国防东谈主力数据中心的贵寓，摒弃2024年3月，大致有229名好意思国现役军东谈主被永恒部署到新加坡。45其它印太地区基地除了上述据点外，好意思国国防部还不错使用该地区的一些其它基地。举例，在大家反恐干戈时期，好意思军秩序使用了一些泰国军事基地（如乌塔保泰国皇家舟师空军基地）。2023年，好意思国国防部与巴布亚新几内亚签署了一项公约，允许好意思军使用该国的六个机场和海港。46好意思国舟师舰艇还如期走访印太地区的很多口岸。47图片
【1】For the purposes of this report, an overseas base is defined as any U.S. base located in the territory of a foreign country, irrespective of its geographical proximity to the United States. Thus, a base located in the Bahamas meets this definition, while one located in Guam does not. Some scholars have also used the term sovereign basing to describe the practice of maintaining extraterritorial military facilities in peacetime. See, for example, Sebastian Schmidt, Armed Guests: Territorial Sovereignty and Foreign Military Basing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).
【2】The state of Hawaii and the territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands are also located within the INDOPACOM AOR, but U.S. bases in those areas are excluded from the scope of this report (see “Methodology” section above). For a discussion of alternative definitions of the region, see CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, p. 1.
【3】Refer to Appendix B of this report for a comprehensive list of the persistent bases and other military sites identified in this report.
【4】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【5】Refer to the Indo-Pacific section of Appendix A for more information. See also “Posture: Overview Briefing,” USINDOPACOM, January 2024, on file with the authors.
【6】U.S. Forces Japan, “About U.S. Forces Japan,” https://www.usfj.mil/About-USFJ/; and U.S. Forces Korea, “About U.S. Forces Korea,” https://www.usfk.mil/About/USFK/.
【7】USINDOPACOM, “About USINDOPACOM白丝 twitter,” https://www.pacom.mil/About-USINDOPACOM/.
【8】See, for instance, Jim Garamone, “Defense Official Says Indo-Pacific is the Priority Theater,” DOD News, March 9, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2961183/defense-official-says-indo-pacific-is-the priority-theater-china-is-dods-pacing/.
【9】The White House, National Security Strategy, October 2022, p. 37, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/ 2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf; and DOD, National Defense Strategy, October 2022, p. 4, 2003103845/-1/-1/1/2022-national-defense-strategy-npr-mdr.pdf.
【10】See, for example, the 2024 statement of INDOPACOM Commander Admiral John Aquilino before the House Armed Services Committee. Admiral John C. Aquilino, “2024 INDOPACOM Statement for the Record,” https://www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/116960/witnesses/HHRG-118-AS00-Wstate-AquilinoJ-20240320.pdf. For more information on the strategic implications of great power competition, see CRS Report R43838, Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense—Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
【11】For more information, see discussion in CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 4-7.
【12】For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12303, The Pacific Deterrence Initiative: A Budgetary Overview.
【13】Refer to the Appendix B of this report for a comprehensive list of the persistent bases and other military sites identified in this report.
【14】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【15】Aside from Kosovo and Cyprus, every European country in which DOD maintains overseas bases is a NATO member. The White House, “Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and President pro tempore of the Senate regarding the War Powers Report,” June 7, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential actions/2024/06/07/letter-to-the-speaker-of-the-house-of-representatives-and-president-pro-tempore-of-the-senate-war powers-report/.
【16】U.S. Army Europe and Africa is headquartered at U.S. Army Garrison Wiesbaden, U.S. Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, and U.S. Naval Forces Europe and Africa is headquartered at Naval Support Activity Naples. DOD, “U.S. European Command Headquarters,” https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/ Photos/igphoto/2003028524/. See also EUCOM, “History,” https://www.eucom.mil/about/history.
【17】DOD, “Fact Sheet - U.S. Defense Contributions to Europe,” June 29, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/ Release/Article/3078056/fact-sheet-us-defense-contributions-to-europe/. In April 2022, EUCOM claimed the region hosted “just shy of 20,000 deployed service personnel who are not normally stationed in Europe,” including two division headquarters, and five brigade combat teams. “House Armed Services Committee Holds Hearing on National Security Challenges in Europe”, 118th Cong., April 26, 2023.
【18】DOD, “Fact Sheet - U.S. Defense Contributions to Europe,” June 29, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/ Release/Article/3078056/fact-sheet-us-defense-contributions-to-europe/.
【19】NATO, “About Us,” https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/.
【20】U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Statement of General Christopher Cavoli, United States Army, U.S. European Command, 118th Cong., 1st sess., April 26, 2023, p. 3.
【21】See CRS In Focus IF10946, The European Deterrence Initiative: A Budgetary Overview for more information.
【22】The White House, “Fact Sheet: Trilateral Australia-UK-US Partnership on Nuclear-Powered Submarines,” March 13, 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/13/fact-sheet-trilateral-australia-uk us-partnership-on-nuclear-powered-submarines/.
【23】Because these facilities perform sensitive intelligence, communications, and related functions, official sources make scant mention of them. For recent press reporting on these sites, see Matthew Knott, “'Seriously Disturbed’: MPs Alarmed by Disrepair at Secretive Military Facility,” The Sydney Morning Herald, September 14, 2023, https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/time-to-move-on-from-afghanistan-war-crimes-parliamentary-committee 20230914-p5e4k6.html; and Alex Barwick, “In Alice Springs Everyone has an Opinion on the Pine Gap Spy Base, but No-One wants to Talk about What Happens Inside,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, May 15, 2024, https://www.abc.net.au/news/backstory/2024-05-16/backstory-expanse-podcast-spies-in-the-outback-pine-gap-barwick/ 103844652.
【24】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【25】The U.S. presence at Diego Garcia dates to the late 1960s and is managed through a bilateral agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom. For more information, see CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 16-17 and 43-44.
【26】“About Diego Garcia,” Commander, Navy Region Japan, https://cnrj.cnic.navy.mil/Installations/NSF-DiegoGarcia/ About/About-Diego-Garcia/.
【27】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【28】The U.S. military presence in Japan dates to the end of World War II. U.S. bases in Japan played major logistical roles during the Korean and Vietnam Wars and formed an important element of America’s Cold War strategy in Asia. For more information, see CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 48-49.
【29】同上。pp. 39-41.
【30】同上。p. 41.
【31】Irene Loewenson, “Marines Start Moving From Japan to New Base on Guam,” Marine Corps Times, December 29, 2023, https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2023/12/29/new-in-2024-marines-start-moving from-japan-to-new-base-on-guam/. See also CRS In Focus IF10672, U.S. Military Presence on Okinawa and Realignment to Guam.
【32】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
自拍街拍【33】For more information, see CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 41-42 and 50. See also Terence Roehrig, “South Korea: An Alliance in Transition,” in Lord and Erickson (ed.) Rebalancing U.S. Forces, pp.74-75.
【34】“Mission of the ROK/U.S. Combined Forces Command,” U.S. Forces Korea, https://www.usfk.mil/About/CFC/.
【35】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【36】CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, p. 39.
【37】CRS In Focus IF12194, The Compacts of Free Association.
【38】“Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” DMDC, March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【39】Between 1898 and 1946, the Philippines was a U.S. territory. The U.S. military maintained significant bases in the Philippines, which played roles during World War II and the Vietnam War. The last persistent U.S. base in the country closed in 1991. See CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 47-50. “Philippines, U.S. Announce Four New EDCA Sites,” DOD, February 1, 2023, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3285566/philippines-usannounce-four-new-edca-sites/.
【40】“Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on Enhanced Defense Cooperation,” signed April 28, 2014, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/ 2019/02/14-625-Philippines-Defense-Cooperation.pdf.
【41】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【42】CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress , p. 43; and “U.S. Security Cooperation with Singapore,” U.S. Department of State, April 12, 2023, https://www.state.gov/u-s security-cooperation-with-singapore/.
【43】CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 16 and 43.
【44】These include the 2019 U.S.-Singapore 2019 Amended MOU, the 2015 U.S.-Singapore EDCA, and the 2005 U.S Singapore Strategic Framework Agreement. “Fact Sheet: 2019 Protocol of Amendment to the 1990 Memorandum of Understanding,” Singapore Ministry of Defense, September 24, 2019, https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/ news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/September/24sep19_fs; “Strategic Framework Agreement,” U.S. Department of State, 2005, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/05-712-Singapore-Defense Cooperation.EnglishOCR.pdf; and “Carter, Singapore Defense Minister Sign Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement,” DOD News, December 7, 2015, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/633243/ carter-singapore-defense-minister-sign-enhanced-defense-cooperation-agreement/.
【45】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【46】Jim Garamone, “U.S., Thai Defense Leaders Look to Future in Indo-Pacific,” Department of Defense, May 13, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3030852/us-thai-defense-leaders-look-to-future-in indo-pacific/. “U.S.-Papua New Guinea Agreement on Defense Cooperation,” Annex A, signed May 22, 2023, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/63374-Papua-New-Guinea-Defense-08.16.2023.pdf.
【47】“CNO: Port visits expanding across Asia-Pacific白丝 twitter,” Navy Times, September 24, 2014, https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2014/09/24/cno-port-visits-expanding-across-asia-pacific/.
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